The Development of a Culturally Responsive Scale to Measure Abuse by In-laws Among South Asian Immigrants: Considerations and Implications (Research Note)

Abha Rai, Kristen E. Ravi, Irene Elizabeth Syriac, Rachel Voth Schrag

Abstract


South Asian immigrants are one of the fastest growing immigrant groups in the U.S. Similar to other immigrant groups, domestic violence has become a cause of growing concern among this community. Owing to the multifaceted cultural nuances among South Asians, domestic violence manifests in distinctive ways, including abuse by in-laws. To accurately understand the ways in which domestic violence is experienced in this community, it is essential to utilize culturally responsive instruments. Therefore, a culturally responsive instrument called SMILE (Scale to Measure In-Laws Exploitation & abuse) was developed to examine the items that were perceived to constitute in-laws abuse by South Asian men and women across the United States.  Implications for social work research, practice and policy are discussed, nationally and globally.


Keywords


culturally responsive, domestic violence, in-laws abuse, South Asians, immigrants

Full Text:

PDF

References


Aday, L.A., & Cornelius, L.J. (2006). Designing and conducting health surveys: A comprehensive guide (3rd ed.). Jossey Bass.

Ahn, B. (2002). The perceptions of and attitudes toward partner abuse among first-generation Korean-Americans: Their relationships to the incidence of partner abuse. (Publication No. 2167) [Doctoral Dissertation, Louisiana State University]. LSU Doctoral Dissertations.

Agha, E., & Rai, A. (2020). Notes from the field: Culturally adapted research methods for South Asian participants. Professional Development: The International Journal of Continuing Social Work Education, 23(1), 27-31. http://www.profdevjournal.org/articles/231027.pdf

Ahmad-Stout, F., Nath, S., Khoury, N., & Huang, H. (2021). Experiences of Intimate Partner Violence: Findings From Interviews With South Asian Women in the United States. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(3-4), NP1941–1964NP. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517753850

Balgamwalla, S. (2013, February 28). A woman’s place: Dependent spouse visa holders and the legacy of coverture. Retrieved from https://law.ubalt.edu/centers/caf/pdf/Sabrina%20Balgamwalla.pdf

Bhandari, S., & Hughes, J. C. (2017). Lived experiences of women facing domestic violence in India. Journal of Social Work in the Global Community, 2(1), 13-27. https://doi.org/10.5590/JSWGC.2017.02.1.02

Black, M. C., Basile, K. C., Breiding, M. J., Smith, S. G., Walters, M. L., Merrick, M. T., Chen, J., & Stevens, M. R. (2011). National intimate partner and sexual violence survey: 2010 summary report. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/NISVS_Report2010-a.pdf

Bland, J. M., & Altman, D. G. (1997). Statistics notes: Cronbach's alpha. Bmj, 314(572). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.314.7080.572

Breiding, M.J., Basile, K.C., Smith, S.C., Black, M.C., & Mahendra, R.R. (2015). Intimate partner violence surveillance: Uniform definitions and recommended data elements (Version 2.0). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/ipv/intimatepartnerviolence.p df

Budiman, A. (2020, August 20). Key findings about U.S. immigrants. Pew Research Center.https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/08/20/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants/

National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Division of Violence Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/intimatepartnerviolence/fastfact.html

Chandra, P. S., Satyanarayana, V. A., & Carey, M. P. (2009). Women reporting intimate partner violence in India: associations with PTSD and depressive symptoms. Archives of women's mental health, 12(4), 203–209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-009-0065-6

Child, D. (1990). The essentials of factor analysis (2nd ed.). Cassell Educational.

Engel, R.J., & Schutt, R.K. (2013). The practice of research in social work (3rd Ed.). Sage Publications.

Futures Without Violence. (n.d.). Forms of domestic violence that women experience: Immigrant women. https://s3.amazonaws.com/fwvcorp/wp-content/ uploads/20160121105935/Power-control-wheel-eng-4-w-description.pdf

Goel, R. (2005). Sita’s Trousseau: Restorative Justice, Domestic Violence, and South Asian Culture. Violence Against Women, 11(5), 639–665. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801205274522

Gov.uk (2021, July 28). Domestic Abuse Act 2021: overarching factsheet.

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/domestic-abuse-bill-2020- factsheets/domestic-abuse-bill-2020-overarching-factsheet

Hurwitz, E.J.H., Gupta, J., Liu, R., Silverman, J.G., Raj, A. (2006). Intimate Partner Violence Associated With Poor Health Outcomes in U.S. South Asian Women. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 8, 251–261. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-006-9330-1

Mahapatra, N. (2012). South Asian women in the U.S. and their experience of domestic violence. Journal of Family Violence, 27(5), 381–390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-012-9434-4

Martinez, S. M., Ainsworth, B. E., & Elder, J. P. (2008). A review of physical activity measures used among US Latinos: Guidelines for developing culturally appropriate measures. Annuals of Behavioral Medicine, 36, 195–207. doi:10-1007/s12160-008-9063-6

Minority Rights Group International. World directory of minorities and indigenous peoples (n.d.). https://minorityrights.org/minorities/south-asians/

Mirza, N. (2017.) South Asian women’s experience of abuse by female affinal kin: a critique of mainstream conceptualizations of “domestic abuse.” Families, Relationships and Societies, 6(3), 393-409. https://doi.org/10.1332/204674315X14501013130928

Murugan, V. (2017). Intimate partner violence among South Asian women in the United States: Prevalence and help-seeking behaviors. (Publication No. 10606554) [Doctoral dissertation, Washington University]. Dissertation Abstracts International.

National Coalition Against Domestic Violence (NCADV). (2017, April 12). Quick guide: Economic and financial abuse. Blog. https://ncadv.org/blog/posts/quick-guide- economic-and-financial-abuse

Naik, G. R. (2018). Advances in principal component analysis: Research and development. Springer Singapore.

Ragavan, M., & Iyengar, K. (2020). Violence perpetrated by mothers-in-law in Northern India: Perceived frequency, acceptability, and options for survivors. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 35(17–18), 3308–3330. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0886260517708759

Raj, A., & Silverman, J.G. (2002). Intimate partner violence amongst South Asian women in Greater Boston. Journal of the American Medical Women’s Association, 57(2), 111–114.

Raj, A., Livramento, K. N., Santana, M. C., Gupta, J., & Silverman, J. G. (2006). Victims of intimate partner violence more likely to report abuse from in-laws. Violence Against Women, 12, 936–949. doi: 10.1177/1077801206292935

Soglin, L. F., Ragavan, M., Immaneni, S., & Soglin, D. F. (2020). Assessing intimate partner violence in South Asian women using the Index of Spousal Abuse. Violence Against Women, 26(6-7), 697-711. doi: 10.1177/1077801219842945

South Asian Americans Leading Together. (2019). Demographic snapshot of South Asians in the United States. Strengthening South Asian Communities in America. https://saalt.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/SAALT-Demographic-Snapshot- 2019.pdf

The Canadian Encyclopedia (2020, February 10). South Asian Canadians. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/south-asians#:~:text=BESbswy-, Overview,Lankan%20and%20118%2C395%20Punjabi%20ancestry

Trochim, W. M. K., & Donnelly, J. P (2007). Research methods knowledge base (3rd ed). Thomson Custom Pub.

Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2005, Pub L. No. 109-162. (2005). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-109publ162/html/PLAW-109publ162.htm

White, J. W., Yuan, N. P., Cook, S. L., & Abbey, A. (2013). Ethnic minority women’s experiences with intimate partner violence: Using community-based participatory research to ask the right questions. Sex Roles, 69(3), 226-236. doi: 10.1007/s11199-012- 0237-0

Yick, A. G. (1997). Chinese-Americans’ perceptions of and experiences with domestic violence and factors related to their psychological well-being. (Publication No. 9823585) [Doctoral dissertation, University of California]. Dissertation Abstracts International.

Yoshihama, M., Dabby, C., & Luo, S. (2020, October). Facts and stats report, updated and expanded 2020. Domestic Violence in Asian and Pacific Islander Homes. https://www.api-gbv.org/resources/facts-stats-dv-api-homes/

Yoshihama, M., Ramakrishnan, A., Hammock, A., & Khaliq, M. (2012). Intimate partner violence prevention program in an Asian immigrant community: Integrating theories, data and community. Violence Against Women, 18(7), 763-783. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801212455163




DOI: https://doi.org/10.21100/gswr.v3i1.1272

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.